Alevel宏观经济重点总结 essay素材中英对照版本(1)
2023-11-30 15:04:14 浏览量:0次
相较于微观经济学,Alevel宏观经济学macroeconomics的研究对象体量加大,学习的知识也比微观经济学要抽象一些,同学们在上课时可能会觉得不好理解这些散碎的知识点。但是如果在本科想要申请经济学类的专业,alevel阶段的ECON课程就是必备的。
为帮助大家更好地学习备考,我们考而思惟世为大家梳理过许多有关alevel经济学的内容,这次和大家分享的alevel宏经重点知识点是Fiscal policy 财政政策的相关内容,一起来看看吧!
Key aim主要目的--influence aggregate demand (AD) 影响总需求(AD)
Government spending is a component of AD 政府支出是AD的一个组成部分
Tax--e.g. income tax, VAT 税收--如所得税、增值税
Income tax--direct tax and a progressive tax 所得税--直接税和累进税
Progressive tax累进税: a tax that takes a higher percentage of income from the rich. 从富人那里获取更高比例收入的税种。
Cut in income tax--increases disposable income--people have more money to spend on goods and services--increases consumption (C)--increases AD.
削减所得税--增加可支配收入--人们有更多的钱花在商品和服务上--增加消费(C)--增加AD。
Lower corporation tax--higher ‘post tax’ profits for firms--increases the ability and willingness of firms to invest--increases investment (I)--increases AD.
降低公司税--提高企业的 "税后 "利润--增加企业投资的能力和意愿--增加投资(I)--增加AD。
VAT--indirect and a regressive tax 增值税--间接税和累退税
Regressive tax 累退税 : a tax that takes a higher percentage of income from the poor. 一种从穷人身上获取更高比例收入的税收。
VAT is imposed on the sale of goods and services at different rates. Standard rate--17.5%
增值税对商品和服务的销售按不同的税率征收。标准税率--17.5%。
Cut in indirect tax (e.g. VAT)--lower prices, higher real disposable income--increases consumption (C)--increases AD.
削减间接税(如增值税)--降低价格,提高实际可支配收入--增加消费(C)--增加AD。
Government spending 政府支出Five most important areas of government spending: Social protection, Health, Education, Defence, Debt interest. Government spending (public spending) can be divided into
政府支出的五个最重要领域。社会保护、卫生、教育、国防、债务利息。
政府支出(公共支出)可以分为:
·Capital expenditure--on, for example, hospitals, schools, roads. 资本支出--例如医院、学校、道路。
·Current spending--on the running of public services and including, for example, teachers’ pay, and the purchase of medicines to be used in the NHS. 经常性支出--用于公共服务的运行,包括例如教师的工资,以及购买用于NHS的药品。
·Transfer payments--money transferred from tax payments to recipients of benefits, for example pensioners and the unemployed. 转移支付--从税收支付中转移给福利领取者的钱,例如养老金领取者和失业者
·Debt interest payments--payments made to the holders of government debt, for example, interest paid to holders of National Savings certificates. 债务利息支付--向政府债务持有人支付的款项,例如,支付给国家储蓄证书持有人的利息。
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