Alevel经济学本身就是一门难度较高的科目，此课程的Paper4更是苦恼许多学生的Essay写作。不要慌，大家初见大篇论文写作要求时都会有些摸不到头脑，不妨从学习前辈优秀论文开始。一来可以找找感觉，二来可以学习标准的格式，好处多多，一起来看看吧！

The costs of unemployment 失业的代价

Implications for government spending and taxation. High unemployment is expensive for the government and, therefore, for the taxpayer. For every unemployed person, there are two costs to the government. First, the unemployed worker will be entitled to benefit, and if he/she is young, or older but remains unemployed for a long period of time, he/she will be offered training under the 'New Deal'. Secondly, there is the less obvious cost of the loss of income tax revenues the worker would have paid in work. These workers would have been paying VAT as well through their purchases. Put together, some economists have estimated that the cost to taxpayers of each unemployed person is up to £9,000 a year. 对政府开支和税收的影响。高失业率对政府来说是昂贵的，因此对纳税人也是如此。对于每一个失业的人，政府都有两个成本。首先，失业工人将有权获得福利，如果他/她是年轻人，或年龄较大但长期失业，他/她将根据 "新政 "获得培训。其次，还有一个不太明显的成本，即工人在工作中本来要支付的所得税收入的损失。这些工人本来也会通过他们的购买来支付增值税。一些经济学家估计，每个失业者每年给纳税人带来的成本高达9,000英镑。

Economic cost to the economy as a whole. There is the cost to the whole economy in terms of wasted, unused resources. The existence of any idle resources means that the economy will be at a point within its production possibility frontier (PPF). 对整个经济的经济成本。整个经济的成本体现在浪费的、未使用的资源上。任何闲置资源的存在意味着经济将处于其生产可能性边界（PPF）内的某一点。

Social costs of unemployment. Unemployed workers (young men, in particular) may create other external costs in the economy, like crime for example. The governments of the 80s always dismissed the coincidence of rising crime figures and rising unemployment. Was it really a coincidence, given that many of the new unemployed were young school leavers with no experience in work? 失业的社会成本。失业工人（尤其是年轻男性）可能会在经济中产生其他外部成本，比如说犯罪。80年代的政府总是否定犯罪率上升和失业率上升这一巧合。鉴于许多新的失业者是没有工作经验的年轻离校生，这真的是一种巧合吗？

The cost of unemployment to the individual. In the short term the unemployed worker has to put up with the loss of earnings, although this may be balanced by redundancy payments. But in the long run, the long term unemployed will find it harder and harder to find a job, as they find that the skills they have become less relevant and they have had no new training. 失业对个人的代价。在短期内，失业者必须忍受收入的损失，尽管这可能被裁员付款所平衡。但从长远来看，长期失业者会发现越来越难找到工作，因为他们发现他们所拥有的技能变得不那么相关，而且他们没有接受过新的培训。

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